Gardening and horticulture are both activities concerned with the cultivation of plants. While there is much overlap between the two activities, the former refers to a leisure activity practiced by home or hobbyist gardeners, while the second refers to a scientifically underpinned, and highly specialised, professional occupation. Despite the undoubted similarities there are big differences in the techniques, technologies and scales of operation. Different types of cultivation, such as organic gardening, are used to highlight the differences in approach between gardening and horticulture, while garden styles or practices such as patio gardening or allotment gardening are used to show that while gardeners are the consumers of products and services, professional horticulturists are not only providers of the products and services, but have also developed the technology to make the style or practice possible. Commercial production and botanic gardens are examined as horticultural activities, while noting that some of the most skilled cultivators are, in the strict use of the word, amateurs, and are catered for by specialist societies. Techniques such as soil cultivation, propagation and pruning are examined for differences in approach and scale, and the chapter concludes with examples of the range of scientific endeavour underpinning plant breeding, glasshouse production and cultivation media.